Chapter 11 - The Physical Properties of Water

The physical behaviours of water are common and consistent, and because of this water is used as a reliable means to measure heat energy. 1 calorie is the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree celsius. Water can exist in three states: Liquid, Gas as water vapour and Solid as ice, and when specific amounts of heat is added or subtracted from the water its varies states will shift.  When 597 calories of heat is added to liquid water it evaporates into water vapour, and when 597 calories of heat is extracted from water vapour condenses to liquid water. When 80 calories of water is extracted from liquid water it freezes and forms the solid form of ice, and when 80 calories of heart is added to the ice it melts and reverts back to liquid state. When 677 calories of hear are added to ice the process of sublimation forms the state of gas, conversely when 677 calories are subtracted from the water vapour it reverts to solid ice.